Welcome to the new Young Americans for Liberty! Learn about the new features or give us your feedback!

The Tale of the Slave

Creighton Harrington
Feb 15, 2011 at 12:42 PM

CPAC 2011 was awesome!  From Ron to Rand and "conservative" boos and pro-Liberty cheers, it was an experience to remember.  One part of it, however, that I think may have been the most powerful, for me at least, was Tom Woods' speech about his new book Rollback.

During his speech he made various "Tom Woodsy" jokes and gave an entertaining summary of the book (which I must say I can't wait to read), but the most notable part of the speech had to be how he did his conclusion.  Drawing upon an allegory created by Robert Nozick in which an experience of a slave is laid out in 9 parts, he literally made me jump out of my seat in applause (an action I was definitely not alone in).  After going over the story a few times I think it is so beautiful in not so much its truth, but its simplicity.  I understood the message of the story long before I ever heard it, but putting myself in the shoes of a layman, or maybe an apathetic or unsympathetic college student who happened to be walking by a table I may or may not have set up (wink wink), I believe it would do wonders to get me thinking.  It goes as such:

"The Tale of the Slave"
from Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, pp. 290-292.

Consider the following sequence of cases, which we shall call the Tale of the Slave, and imagine it is about you.

  1. There is a slave completely at the mercy of his brutal master's whims. He often is cruelly beaten, called out in the middle of the night, and so on.
  2. The master is kindlier and beats the slave only for stated infractions of his rules (not fulfilling the work quota, and so on). He gives the slave some free time.
  3. The master has a group of slaves, and he decides how things are to be allocated among them on nice grounds, taking into account their needs, merit, and so on.
  4. The master allows his slaves four days on their own and requires them to work only three days a week on his land. The rest of the time is their own.
  5. The master allows his slaves to go off and work in the city (or anywhere they wish) for wages. He requires only that they send back to him three-sevenths of their wages. He also retains the power to recall them to the plantation if some emergency threatens his land; and to raise or lower the three-sevenths amount required to be turned over to him. He further retains the right to restrict the slaves from participating in certain dangerous activities that threaten his financial return, for example, mountain climbing, cigarette smoking.
  6. The master allows all of his 10,000 slaves, except you, to vote, and the joint decision is made by all of them. There is open discussion, and so forth, among them, and they have the power to determine to what uses to put whatever percentage of your (and their) earnings they decide to take; what activities legitimately may be forbidden to you, and so on.

    Let us pause in this sequence of cases to take stock. If the master contracts this transfer of power so that he cannot withdraw it, you have a change of master. You now have 10,000 masters instead of just one; rather you have one 10,000-headed master. Perhaps the 10,000 even will be kindlier than the benevolent master in case 2. Still, they are your master. However, still more can be done. A kindly single master (as in case 2) might allow his slave(s) to speak up and try to persuade him to make a certain decision. The 10,000-headed monster can do this also.
  7. Though still not having the vote, you are at liberty (and are given the right) to enter into the discussions of the 10,000, to try to persuade them to adopt various policies and to treat you and themselves in a certain way. They then go off to vote to decide upon policies covering the vast range of their powers.
  8. In appreciation of your useful contributions to discussion, the 10,000 allow you to vote if they are deadlocked; they commit themselves to this procedure. After the discussion you mark your vote on a slip of paper, and they go off and vote. In the eventuality that they divide evenly on some issue, 5,000 for and 5,000 against, they look at your ballot and count it in. This has never yet happened; they have never yet had occasion to open your ballot. (A single master also might commit himself to letting his slave decide any issue concerning him about which he, the master, was absolutely indifferent.)
  9. They throw your vote in with theirs. If they are exactly tied your vote carries the issue. Otherwise it makes no difference to the electoral outcome.

The final question being,

"which transition from case 1 to case 9 made it no longer the tale of a slave?"

I know, pretty powerful right?  This seems to me like a perfect story, maybe shortened up and what not, to use for campus activism.

I didn't make it to Woods' speech, so I didn't realize he used this.  If you haven't already, read Nozick's entire book.  I wrote a big paper on it in college and can assure you it's good.

Bonnie Kristian's picture

I've had to read parts of it for a class and I've done work on it. I also enjoyed being the only one in class who fully (or near-fully) agreed with Nozick's analysis. I did not know fo this part prior to reading Rollback, but I just finished an analysis of it for my blog. I thoroughly enjoyed it.

Anthony V. Ardizzone's picture

It sounds like the transition occurs between steps 2 and 3 since that's when a slave becomes a group of slaves. By step 6 it sounds like there are 10,002 slaves. The differences among the steps seem mostly about the relative power of the slaves over themselves, and there isn't a step where there are no slaves.

I haven't read the book, so forgive me for sounding ignorant. Is this supposed to be an allegory about human society in general and the unfortunate reality that throwing in with a community subjects you to some degree to the power of that community? You are born into slavery by being born a citizen, and you elect to become a slave if that citizenship is by choice?

Brien Wright's picture

The question was a bit rhetorical. The idea is that there was no such transition. The entire sequence simply explains a varying degree of servitude. It is similar to what Spooner observes: "A man is none the less a slave because he is allowed to choose a new master once in a term of years. Neither are a people any the less slaves because permitted periodically to choose new masters."

's picture

I suppose Woods traces the intellectual and political distinction between the older conservative, or paleoconservative, school of thought and the neoconservative school of thought

's picture

interesting review of great event

's picture

Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), which received a National Book Award, argues among other things that a distribution of goods is just if brought about by free exchange among consenting adults and from a just starting position, even if large inequalities subsequently emerge from the process.  -Any Lab Test Now Franchise

 

's picture

You get to work wherever you want, but you have to remit to your master three-sevenths of your wages to correspond to the three days out of seven that you once worked for him. He also retains the right to recall you into service in emergencies, and to increase at anytime the fraction of your wages to which he lays claim.  hire a programmer

's picture